Essay about Pips Expectations in Charles Dickens Great...

Pips Expectations in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Throughout the novel there are many expectations of Pip. They are appointed to him by many different characters, as well as himself. These expectations were very stressful for Pip and often wore him down to breaking point. Right from the start of the book we are introduced to many characters and we find out shortly why they thrust such Great Expectations on Pip. Eventually we discover more about these and find out if they come true. In the beginning of the book we are introduced to Mrs Gargery. We know that Mrs Gargery is Pips sister who has been given the task of looking after him. When she hears that Pip has a chance of going to Mss†¦show more content†¦They found out that this dream would not come true, Perhaps I have been told to give you a present when you lose your apprentice. Joe was obviously upset that this expectation would not come true, and as time went on, he realised it was for the best as Pip was to become a gentleman. Miss Havisham had many expectations of Pip. As soon as Pip had an opportunity to go to Miss Havishams to play, she expected him to obey and amuse her and Estella. The expectation of Pip obeying her is strongly emphasised with quotes, You can go home now. Come again in six days time. This quote backs up the feeling that she is ordering Pip around. Also it brings forth another expectation. Miss Havisham expects Pip to love Estella. She exaggerated feelings between the children, making Pip love Estella only to break his heart soon after, Go on, my love, she used to whisper in Estellas ear, break mens hearts and have no mercy. Miss Havisham encouraged Estella to make Pip think she loved him, so he would love her back. Pip had many expectations of himself. Pips first one as a boy was that he would take over Joes business after he retired, I always knew I would be apprenticed to Joe as soon as I was old enough. What Pip did not know was, that he would soon have an opportunity to go to London and be taught. When Pip knew he could achieve more than he ever imagined, he expected toShow MoreRelatedPip’s Character Change in Charles Dickens Great Expectations1173 Words   |  5 PagesPip’s Character Change in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens is a compelling story rich in friendship, love and fortune. The main character, Pip, is a dynamic character that undergoes many changes through the course of the book and throughout this analysis, the character Pip, will be identified and his gradual change through the story will be quoted and explained. The main character, Pip, is a gentle character. His traits include Read MorePips Childhood in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesPips Childhood in Charles Dickens Great Expectations In the first five chapters of Charles Dickens Great Expectations, we follow the life of a young boy, Phillip Pirrip - Pip for short, in early nineteenth century England. A time when England was in industrial revolution and when the rapid growth of cities brought social divisions between class - rich and poor. The British government fearing a revolution, maintained a harsh regime. In Great Expectations, DickensRead More Pips Aspirations in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay2765 Words   |  12 PagesPips Aspirations in Charles Dickens Great Expectations      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through Great Expectations, Dickens explores the different notions of gentility in the nineteenth century and the implications of upward mobility on the lower class. 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Because Dickens himself had experienced both poverty and wealth,Read MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations964 Words   |  4 PagesOliveros British Literature H February 24, 2016 TITLE Throughout Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations, minor characters help in the development of Pip and his psychological state. The novel journeys with Pip as he grows from a poor, young boy to an adult in the upper class. Difficult situations, suspense, and dynamic characters fill the novel. Julian Moynahan, a professor emeritus of literature at Rutgers University, analyzed Dickens’ novel and produced excellent parallels between a select few of theRead MoreGreat Expectations and a Christmas Carol: a True Gentleman Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations and A Christmas Carol: A True Gentleman According to Dictionary.com, a gentleman is a civilized, educated, sensitive, or well-mannered man. However, by Victorian definition, a gentleman was, perhaps most importantly, a rich man. â€Å"Charles Dickens†¦was an author of relatively humble origins who desired passionately to be recognized as a gentleman, and insisted, in consequence, upon the essential dignity of his occupation† (Victorian Web). In Great Expectations he portrays Pip, aRead MoreSocial Class Of The Victorian Era1282 Words   |  6 Pagesof the most important social reformers during the Victorian Era was Charles Dickens. Growing up in a poor, working class family, Dickens knew about the harsh realities that spawned from the social class system present. His writing reflects these experiences and attempts to expose this harsh system and other big problems prominent in Victorian society. Pip is a character that experiences some of these realities in Great Expectations. Pip initially lets his social sta tus define him and must then go throughRead MoreA Satirical Expedition in Charles Dickens Great Expectations698 Words   |  3 Pagesbetter in the enticing high class life as a gentleman. Meanwhile, throughout the novel, Charles Dickens employs satire to depict the faults and criticisms, with a small sense of humor, in Pip’s knotty expectations though his usage of intricate symbolism, irony, paralleling social classes, unexpected plot twists and the poignant mysteries confining the devilish, yet beautiful orphan, Estella. Firstly, Pip’s expectations begin as a lonely orphan living in the house of his demanding sister, Mrs. Joe, notRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations972 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel â€Å"Great Expectation† by Charles Dickens, is written from the perspective of an innocent boy, Pip, whose life is faced with different challenges and expectations. Growing up in a small village wi th a ruthless and violent sister who shows him little love causes him to be sensitive. In essence, the narrator not only begins to yearn for love and acceptance, but he also develops a high desire of becoming a gentleman in order to obtain genuine happiness. According to Pip, being a gentleman is

Cicero, Aristotle, Plato †Just Warrior Free Essays

string(50) " A noble man acts on character, not calculations\." Tory Macdonald 9. 25. 12 Ethics of War and Peace Essay #1 My question: Plato, Aristotle and Cicero all talked about Just War Theory, and emphasis on the Just Warrior. We will write a custom essay sample on Cicero, Aristotle, Plato – Just Warrior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Obedience and loyalty ( can lead to destruction. Plato, Aristotle and Cicero, the fathers of the Just War tradition, develop and enhance the concept of civic virtue and the necessity to uphold such morality during the most chaotic, violent and brutal of times – war. They each defend the necessity of war; yet emphasize the correct code of conduct in war and what makes an honorable and just warrior. Today, war is much less engrained in our culture; our sons are not born with the future of a warrior. However, when there is war, we hear of many unjust and dishonorable acts such as mass rape, genocide, or specifically the My Lai Massacre. Plato, Aristotle and Cicero lived through a culture of war, defending it as necessary to keeping the peace. Because it was so engrained in their culture, a normalcy, they were not as concerned with the inhumane idea that defines war- killing another human being. Today, we do not live in a culture of constant war, therefore we are more susceptible to becoming overwhelmed by the trauma of violence. Plato, Aristotle and Cicero, provide guidelines of a just warrior however, had not yet discovered what it is that can turn a good man into a bad one, and what horrible aspects of war he may fall victim to. Today, true courage means fighting against dishonor, because unfortunately, war turns the most honorable men into dishonorable ones. Plato is a philosopher who lived from 469-399 through the Peloponnesian Wars and stressed the belief that for man, there is something worse than death- an unreflective life. Plato reasoned that all people should strive to be pious, or good. He noted that piety is what the God’s hold dear, what all the Gods agree upon therefore, it is these morals that the people should uphold. In war, a soldier should not fear death but rather fear a dishonorable or impious life. He should rather die from pain than he should from shame. The same idea should be used when deciding to go to war or not. There must always be a just reason. In a conversation between Alcibiades and Socrates, Plato describes the importance of waging war for a just cause. ‘Soc: Don’t you know that when we make war we begin to wage war after accusing each other of some affront and what term we use when we begin? Alc: I do – we say we have been deceived, or done violence to, or deprived of something. ’[1] He then elaborates to whom a war can be claimed against: ‘Soc: Now, what of this? Whom will you advise the Athenians to wage war against, those behaving unjustly or those practicing the just things? Alc: What you are asking is a terrible thing; for even if someone had it in his mind that war ought to be waged against those practicing the just things, he would not admit to it, at least. ’[2] Plato seeks the unbiased truth, a critical reflection on why and what to do in a situation, especially regarding war. Each of his answers comes back to being pious and reflective. He believes that war is necessary to keep up a good state, however believes it especially important to uphold pious and virtuous standards as a just warrior, in a just cause, using just means, to accomplish just ends. Aristotle is the founder of virtue ethics or â€Å"Jus in bello†, just actions in war. Aristotle claimed that virtues are described as a mean of excellence, a center between two extremes: excess and deficiency. For example, courage is a balance between cowardice and recklessness. Prudence is practical wisdom that determines the mean of all virtues essentially what determines the mean between two extremes. This is especially important in defining the virtues of a warrior. Aristotle believes that a â€Å"just warrior† is a man who exhibits courage and commits actions that are only noble. He states there should be a purpose to his fighting, something he is willing to die for. A â€Å"just warrior† chooses to endure things because it is noble. â€Å"He will fear them as he ought and as reason directs, and he will face them for the sake of what is noble, for this is the end of excellence. [3] He notes that a courageous man is not a fearless one, but one who faces those fears because it is right. Aristotle also notes that, â€Å"Courage is noble. Therefore the end is also noble; for each thing is defined by its end. Therefore it is for a noble end that the brave man endures and acts as courage directs. †[4] Aristotle emphasizes that a just war rior fights only for a just cause. Aristotle also illustrates five different types of courage and their honorable uses. The first is political courage. One who exhibits political courage fears shame rather than pain or punishment. The second is that courage is knowledge. He notes, â€Å"While the former from the very beginning faced the danger on the assumption they were stronger, and when they know the facts they fly, fearing death more than disgrace; but the brave man is not that sort of person†. [5] He explains that when one knows of the danger, and still plows ahead, he is courageous. The third is that passion should aid morals, however feelings are not bravery and emotions should not speak louder than reason. As Homer noted, â€Å"put strength into his passion†[6] as those who are passionate are often eager to rush into danger. The fourth states that sanguine people are not brave, â€Å"for they are confident in danger only because they have conquered often against many foes†¦when their adventures do not succeed however, they run away; but it was the mark of a brave man to face things that are. †[7] A noble man acts on character, not calculations. You read "Cicero, Aristotle, Plato – Just Warrior" in category "Essay examples" The fifth point is that courage does not mean people who are ignorant. Those who do not know and succeed are not brave, just lucky. Cicero who lived from 106 to 43 BC, created the Peace Movement that moved away from â€Å"best defense is a good offense† to the idea of constant civic virtue. He strongly stated that war must be undertaken with the aim of peace. He believed that war must be a last resort and a declaration between two parties. â€Å"For this we can grasp that no war is just unless it is waged after a formal demand for restoration, or unless it has been formally announced and declared beforehand. †[8] Justice was to be maintained amongst all participants. He was the first to declare that war was not a world apart, and that atrocities committed at an international level were not different as if they were committed in ones own state. Cicero stated that the â€Å"moral fellowship of mankind should know no boundaries†. [9] This correlates with his idea of natural law; a natural fellowship that exists amongst all humans, which nature has provided for all men to treat each other morally. There are commonalities amongst all men, no matter if he is a sea away, and Cicero believed that each warrior to act justly was to uphold that concept. Cicero also stressed that the fighting during war must always be towards an honorable end. He notes that a just warrior does not think of self-interest saying, â€Å"However, if the loftiness of spirit that reveals itself amid danger and toil is empty of justice, if it fights not for the common safety but for its own advantages, it is a vice. †[10] He also values reasons that make decisions over courage that incites battle. A just warrior â€Å"fights on behalf of fairness†[11]. A just warrior must also be able to balance reason with his cause. Cicero notes, â€Å"However, we must exercise the body, training it so that when it has to attend to business or endure hard work it is able to obey counsel and reason. [12] Just because a warrior is fighting for a noble cause, does not mean he can lose sight of the just reasoning behind it and we must train our soldiers so that this doesn’t happen. The My Lai massacre on March 16th, 1968 was the mass murder of somewhere between 347 to 500 innocent, unarmed village people of Southern Vietnam. [13] The United St ates military men of the Company C â€Å"Charlie† of the 1st Battalion committed the acts that included mass murder, mutilation, ransacking and rape. Lead into the area under a false indication of dense enemy activity, they were met with women, children, and the elderly. Although the men had not yet suffered any direct attack in the first months of their deployment, they had suffered mines and booby traps, losing many men. [14] The company was given orders by Captain Ernest Medina, who clearly stated that all those who were enemies or seemed like enemies were to be taken down. [15] The company lead by Second Lieutenant William Calley then went in to the village, and began firing at what was supposed to be dangerous enemies. [16] The violence escalated and the brutality did not stop. Several men participated, several men stood back and watched. Only one man, Warrant Officer Scout Hugh Thompson who had spotted the massacre from a helicopter, sacrificed his life and the lives of his men to stop the atrocities. [17] To this day, only one man has been convicted of war crimes and only served three years of house arrest. The others were left alone. Today, the My Lai Massacre is looked at as the epitome of the Vietnam War- a mistake, a terrible time of confusion, an example of the psychological traumas of war. Most importantly, it is an example of how easily dishonor can cloud moral reasoning. These men were angry to have lost their fellow brothers in mines and booby traps, they were scared, they were starving, and they were not in their natural mind. A soldier states of that day, â€Å"Yes I am ashamed, I’m sorry and I’m guilty but I did it†¦If you go to war, those are the types of things that happen and can happen to anyone†¦It can happen, it happens, that is what war is†¦War is war, it’s killing all type of ways. [18] When a dishonor was done to them, when dishonor is all around them, dishonor is what they begin to do too. Today the dishonors of war range from obedience to a terrible leader, to dehumanizing the enemy so inhumane actions suddenly seem right. In the case of the My Lai Massacre, many soldiers involved to this day claim that they were just following orders and that their loyal obedience overtook their moral compasses. One soldier noted, â€Å"At no time it ever crossed my mind to disobey or to refuse to carry out an order that was issued by my superiors. I shudder to think what the repercussions would have been†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [19] The soldiers were fighting in a perceived honor and loyalty to the United States. The need to please and obey took the pressure off of their actions, because someone else was dictating them. In other instances, soldiers would dehumanize their enemy to get through the idea of killing them. Cicero notes that this is entirely wrong according to natural law: â€Å"Perhaps we should examine more thoroughly what are the natural principles of human fellowship and community. First it is something that is seen in the fellowship of the entire human race. For its bonding consists of reason and speech, which reconcile men to one another, through teaching, learning, communicating, debating, and making judgments, and unite them in a kind of natural fellowship. It is this that most distances us from the nature of other animals. To them we often impute courage, as with horses or lions, but we do not impute them justice, fairness or goodness. For they have no share in reason and speech. † [20] Cicero states that since we are all of peech and reason, we are all human. However, dehumanization, where one dehumanizes their enemy and views them as some sort of animal, is a common strategy and conflict in today’s wars. The Holocaust, the Bosnian and Rwandan genocide are all examples of dehumanization. The Nazi soldiers truly believed that they were ridding their country of â€Å"vermin†, and the Hutu soldiers considered the Tutsi people to be  "cockroaches†. Similarly, soldiers fighting in the Vietnam War referred to their enemies as animals, less than human and the massacre is a clear example of that. Perhaps the rules have changed since wars progressed through time. Today’s atrocities don’t seem as atrocious to us as they would to Plato, Aristotle and Cicero because we have become accustomed to them, as they were accustomed to having a culture of war. Peter Olsthoorn stated in his book â€Å"Just Warriors† â€Å"Soldiers, although far from selfish, cannot be expected to perform their duties from a sense of duty alone. Both inside and outside the sphere of war, only the perfectly wise act virtuously for virtue’s sake. However those perfectly wise are rare, Cicero himself claimed that he had never met such a person†¦For the not so wise, that is, most of us, a little help from the outside, consisting of the judgments of our peers and our concern for our reputation, can be of help. †[21] Looking back on the massacre, many men are quick to point out the outside factors that effected their behavior such as their loyalty, fear, confusion, lack of direction, even a blank blackout. One man notes, â€Å"We felt what we were doing was right, and after it was over we knew it was wrong. [22] These soldiers eventually are able to reflect. However at the time, they were worried for themselves, acting out of vengeance and self interest, therefore were not leading an honorable life. Officer Thompson exhibited true courage of a just warrior. He saw that the bodies consisted of mostly babies, children, women and the elderly, without a threatening combatant or weapon in sight. After several failed radio transmissions, he ordered his men to land on sight and aim their guns at their fellow American soldiers. He ordered that they would hold their positions against their bothers until they had agreed to a cease-fire and stopped the massacre. While doing this he walked out unarmed, entered a ditch and rescued a woman and her child. Officer Thompson knew what he was getting himself into. He recognized that his loyalty to his fellow Americans was the wrong kind of loyalty. He pushed past fear and fought for a noble cause, to save the people. He did not shoot anyone down to do it, but was prepared to do so to end an injustice. Thompson used honorable means to obtain an honorable end. He illustrated every of the five points Aristotle noted a â€Å"just warrior† should be. He was courageous but not reckless, and he proved that in an unjust war, in and unjust setting, justice still prevails. Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero believe that a warrior’s honor is the ability to exercise restraint under chaotic and emotionally taxing experiences. It is not simply standing firm in battle or committing acts of heroic bravery. It is recognizing the differences between combatant and noncombatant, between the innocent and the guilty and acting with reason when reason is hard to find. Today, it is about escaping the dishonor. War is about entering with the right reasons and leaving with the correct ends. War can make an honorable man, a dishonorable one and the three philosophers explain that real courage, is tackling war itself and not falling victim to the demons. If they had been alive at the time their general philosophy would have stood, the advancing atrocities just would have made it that much harder and much more honorable to be a real, true â€Å"just warrior†. Bibliography: Reichberg, Gregory M. Henrik Syse, and Endre Begby, eds. The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Blackwell, 2006. Print. Baker, Deane-Peter. Just Warriors, Inc. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011. Unknown. â€Å"The My Lai Massacre. † PBS. PBS, 29 Mar. 2009. Web. 05 Oct. 2012. . Wikipedia. org YmBigBen90 (User’s ID). â€Å"My Lai Massacre – Part One of Two. † YouTube. YouTube, 16 May 2009. Web. 02 Oct. 2012. — ——————– [1] Reichberg, Gregory M. , Henrik Syse, and Endre Begby, eds. The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Blackwell, 2006. Print. [2] Ibid. [3] [4] Reichberg, Gregory M. , Henrik Syse, and Endre Begby, eds. The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Blackwell, 2006. Print. [5] Ibid. [6] Ibid. [7] Ibid. [8] Ibid. [9] Ibid. [10] Reichberg, Gregory M. , Henrik Syse, and Endre Begby, eds. The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Blackwell, 2006. Print. [11] Ibid. [12] Ibid. [13] Ibid. [14] Wikipedia. org [15] Unknown. â€Å"The My Lai Massacre. † PBS. PBS, 29 Mar. 2009. Web. 05 Oct. 2012. . [16] Unknown. â€Å"The My Lai Massacre. PBS. PBS, 29 Mar. 2009. Web. 05 Oct. 2012. . [17] Ibid. [18] Ibid. [19] Unknown. â€Å"The My Lai Massacre. † PBS. PBS, 29 Mar. 2009. Web. 05 Oct. 2012. . [20] Ibid. [21] Reichberg, Gregory M. , Henrik Syse, and Endre Begby, eds. The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Blackwell, 2006. Print. [22] Baker, Deane-Peter. Just Warriors, Inc. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011. [23] YmBigBen90 (User ’s ID). â€Å"My Lai Massacre – Part One of Two. † YouTube. YouTube, 16 May 2009. Web. 02 Oct. 2012. How to cite Cicero, Aristotle, Plato – Just Warrior, Essay examples

Mentoring in the 21st Century

Question: Discuss about Mentoring in the 21st Century. Answer: Introduction In the book, it is explained that the mentoring has evolved in the past years and in the 21st century it will be different. In the research conducted, we have discovery why some practices are done and why others are diminishing. The mentoring in the 21st century has expanded with the emergence of new forms such as peer mentoring, e-mentoring, mentoring circles and cross culture mentoring. The concept of mentoring has changed from when the relation view to the developed network. Use of modern technology has also contributed to this mentoring. In this research, we will highlight most crucial element of the 21st century so that this conditions can be made to flourish by the petitioners and the scholars (Ragins, 2007). How work area leads in mentoring individuals First we will look at the new paradigms that have emerged in the mentoring field. We analyze several insight into this new reforms in mentoring and sideline factors which are of high bride. The new approaches are then highlighted and their root costs examined so that their outcome can be seen as well as their quality. The role mentoring in development and maintenance of mentoring relationship can be examined, finally suggestions can be put into consideration concerning practical implication for the foresting growth enhancing relationship and suggestion to move forward be made (Kram Ragins, 2007). Paradigm is a system containing ways of thinking and basic assumption and methodology that area ccepted by the members of scientific community are accepted. In contrast to the previous work, relationship and process that are watched in the quality, structure and purpose accordance to mentoring. In the 21st century, we have the three paradigm shift that has contributed to the mentoring field. Importance of development stage First, it is the acceptance and believes that mentoring happens in the developmental network. In the development network, it was observed in the early years but it came to realization when the social network study was introduced to the study of mentoring and it explained that we have a language and a way of transferring message and a way in which we could understand this multiple support. Development network such as the way people received development help in providing closeness of emotion and daily communication (Kram Ragins, 2007). The accurate description of this many sources of development assistance and development network such as career advancement, task and personal learning and satisfaction has been fostered by this shift in the paradigm, this paradigm has affected the calls for further inquiry on how the types of relationships are shaped by the relationship skills, individual needs and the group membership. Finally under development network, it explains howthe quality of connection is interrupted by the mentors emotional competence (William, 2013) Personality in regard to mentoring Second, dyadic and reciprocal is the nature of the mentoring relationship and the major role it plays in the relationship processes, structure and outcome has been highly recognized. In the 21st century, it is noted that developmental relationship will only help those who offer and receive mentoring. Development support, reciprocity and the maturity are the key attribute that are connected to the fostering of the growth leading to the development relationship, in the research done, it was realized that the peer relationship, there is a mutual benefit as both parties perceive an equal benefitit is seen that through mutuality and reciprocity, there is development of high quality mentoring relationship, this benefits include loyalty, recognition for developing talents for organization and the generatively. Through these mentors coaches are motivated to coach others. There are both tangible and intangible factors and benefits that mentors gets, this factors affects commitment and the sta bility of relationship (William, 2013). Personal growth towards development Finally we recognize that mentoring depends on continuum quality and we have understand that when the relationship are of high quality, or even not functioning in the 21st century, one of the main thing is being able to identify a relationship which is dysfunctional, marginal and that one which is of high quantity. A focus on this program has led to identification of new schemes and methods that help us understand why some relationship flourish, others are stagnant and others are breaking in consideration of the idea that relationship is under a continuum quality, mentoring episodes that entails rise in zest, self-esteem, empowered action desire to get new connection and new knowledge. Mentoring is a short relation that occurs in a specific time and there is development. High episode relationship resulting from the cumulative experience of mentoring episode result in experience of positive mentoring relationship. This may promote good development in career, work domain and none work domain, the notion of mentoring episode gives good understanding of the developing mentor relationship when relationship is analyzed at this level (Keegan Fox, 2009) Conclusion Good mentoring relationship can be rewarding to those who mentor and also those who are mentored. Among other things, mentors can provide exceptional learning experiences for those they mentor and by doing this they expand their mentees insight, awareness and perspective. This paradigms has led to important new ways for checking mentoring relationships at the level of single interactions or mentoring episodes that may merge to create relationships that reflect various levels of quality (Keegan Fox, 2009) Reference list: Brondyk, S., Searby, L. (2013). Best practices in mentoring: complexities and possibilities.International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education,2(3), 189-203. Kahle-Piasecki, L. M. (2011).Mentoring: What organizations need to know to improve performance in the 21st century workplace(Doctoral dissertation, University of Toledo). Keegan, H., Fox, A. (2009).Mentoring for 21st Century Skills: It's All about the Learning. University. Kram, K. E., Ragins, B. R. (2007). The landscape of mentoring in the 21st century.The handbook of mentoring at work: Theory, research, and practice, 659-692. Ragins, B. R., Kram, K. E. (2007).The handbook of mentoring at work: Theory, research, and practice. Sage Publications. Ragins, B. R., Kram, K. E., Ragins, K. E. K. B. R. (2007) Consultants to organizations to make relationships work. William Short, T. (2013). Workplace mentoring: an old idea with new meaning (part 1).Development and Learning in Organizations,28(1), 8-11.

Western Civilization and Gandhi free essay sample

Assignment: â€Å"Gandhi was asked what he thought about Western Civilization. He replied I think it would be a good idea.   Please comment referencing the various themes that we discussed in class possibly from the perspective of Sophia. † Course: Wisdom and Civilization, Garrison, NY. September 26th – 30th, 2011 For Credit towards my Master’s Degree in Wisdom/Spirituality with Wisdom University. Post-Paper by: Marie Trout [emailprotected] com Abstract Western Civilization has been successful in some ways and not so in others. It has relied heavily on dogma and been characterized by linear patriarchal institutionalization, centralization and hierarchy. Western Civilization is based on a worldview of â€Å"Doctrinism†. Here an attitude of â€Å"us versus them,† â€Å"right versus wrong† and â€Å"good versus evil† have been dominant attributes. The Wisdom inherent in Sophia and Gaia might help inform and connect us with our innate wisdom instincts as we move onto a path of new discovery while the old structures fall around us. We will write a custom essay sample on Western Civilization and Gandhi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A combination of both lessons from Western Civilization, the wisdom of Sophia and Gaia along with the new discoveries within quantum science, transpersonal psychology, nature resonance, astronomy, spirituality and much more will be needed as humanity trek ever onwards on its evolutionary road. Introduction â€Å"It is not nationalism that is evil; it is the narrowness, selfishness, exclusiveness which is the bane of modern nations which is evil. Each wants to profit at the expense of, and rise on the ruin of, the other. (1) This quote from Gandhi sums up fairly well, what I think he hinted at with his tongue in cheek answer to the question about Western Civilization. Narrowness (of mind), selfishness, and sense of being â€Å"better than† are all mental attitudes that shape the thoughts, feelings and actions of every man, woman and child who have them. If these thoughts are and have been prevalent in a civilization obviously you see the results manifest in the kinds of action s that are taken by same civilization. I have looked at the historical background for some of these mental attitudes and a few other ones that I believe have contributed to shape the state and trajectory of Western Civilization today! I have also attempted to take a look at what a new World Civilization might a look like if we take these attitudes of narrowness, selfishness and exclusiveness out of the dominant societal equation. If humankind were to raise its consciousness level to live beyond these attitudes, what special prospects might be here for us precisely at this moment in time? What opportunities might be here that were never available to us before? How much more efficient might we be at creating new structures if we look to how far we have come without applying feelings of guilt? How do we connect to a forward-looking attitude that offers us the chance, skill, and know-how to create the world anew at this time of partial or total collapse of the old? Nature Dominance and Destruction in Western Civilization (Selfishness) I have chosen to define Western Civilization as commencing around the fall of the Roman Empire and the simultaneous rise of the influence of the Christian faith in the early centuries AD. Before Christianity became a weapon for political advancement of the power structures of society, pagan human self-understanding was rooted in nature-based animism. In the pre-Christian Greco-Roman era man believed that there were spirits in nature that needed to be consulted and appeased before man could chop down a tree or plow a field. (2) The new Christian faith endorsed a philosophy that encouraged the human race to be indubitably in command over nature. This view was of course based on the Judaic notion that man was put on earth to be in charge, benefit from and in fact â€Å"subdue the earth† and â€Å"have dominion over every creeping thing that creepeth on the earth. † (3) Thus in the Judeo-Christian worldview, furthered by the new Christian Empire, there was no longer an obligation to hesitate when it came to a utilization of nature for human gain and exploitation. Up through the Middle Ages, as Christianity increased its influence over human thinking and advanced into Northern Europe (which had not been possible for the â€Å"might alone† Romans), human connection to nature and the Cosmos was seen progressively more as sinful and punishable by death. This belief was based on quotes such as: â€Å"He deposed of†¦. those who burned incense to Baal, to the sun and the moon and the constellations and all the host of the heavens. † (4) One might speculate that in order to really kill off the more nat ure based and druidic beliefs of the Northern European countries, the connection to nature came to be seen as a threat to the Christian faith by the church, and therefore it was made increasingly suspect to be communicating with, or be instinctually in touch with Nature. In other words, if God himself could â€Å"depose of† those who believed in nature spirits and who honored a druidic appreciation of the Cosmos, well so could man! Therefore Christianity was able to cunningly take over where a military take-over had previously been impossible by the Romans. The Catholic Church managed this coup by very cleverly coming in as a wolf in sheep’s clothing masquerading as the natural continuation of the old pagan beliefs. Previous holy sites and places of worship were acquisitioned and altered by the church – and little by little resistance faded and the new faith took root supported by local rulers and kings who stood to gain politically from embracing the new faith and its ability to contain the people. (5) As Christian self-righteousness and absolute faith progressively dominated a fearful population, the churches prosecuted and lit many a fire under practitioners of the ancient wisdom traditions and believers of nature based wisdom. This wisdom descendeth not from above, but is earthly, sensual, devilish. † (6) As the battle cry of the church intensified in the Middle Ages, it became in vogue to burn and destroy not only nature itself, but nature- connected humans! Consequently many of the practitioners of the ancient wisdom traditions that were aligned with and connected to nature, cosmos, as well as those who had an â€Å"inner† knowledge/mystical awareness, were at grave ris k of getting burned at the stake. They were labeled â€Å"sensual, earthly or devilish,† seen as a threat, made suspect, and eventually killed! It is therefore not too farfetched to say that a connectedness to Nature within and without has been demonized by the church and the political power structures throughout Western Civilization. It has in actuality for many centuries been directly punishable by death! Is it any wonder that the human race has erased from its awareness much of our ancient memory of connectedness to nature? For centuries we have been categorically dissuaded from any attempts to honor or to communicate with the natural world. Any desire to do so in the Christianity based Western Civilization has been punished by banishment from the community or ultimately by death. Certitude and Exclusivity (Narrowness and Exclusiveness) In the Gospel of John Jesus is quoted as saying: â€Å"I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man comes unto the Father, but by me. †(7) And elsewhere also in the Gospel of John: â€Å"Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God. † (8) The Christian faith is very specific about the absolute promise of Salvation to the exclusive chosen ones who stay true to the One True God. Building on the sense of the Jews as God’s chosen people; the Christian faith went even further. By removing the faith from its tribal limitations it was able to sweep people of all races and all nationalities, making the Christian faith the new tribe of individual salvation. (9) The Catholic Church was able to persuade king after king, in both city states and nations, to adopt Christianity as the political power-faith of choice. The option given was always one of â€Å"us† or â€Å"them†. If you were not one of the chosen ones, the True Believers, you were seen as unworthy and lost. It was therefore sanctioned by the church to make others â€Å"like us. † Missionary work was encouraged, and the ones that were not able to be converted were not worthy of living and could easily be disposed of. As it states in Matthew 28:19-20 â€Å"Go therefore and make disciples of all nations,† was cleverly thought of to mean that the missionaries were not serving the church but rather was helping to save humanity. It was a matter of preserving the souls of the ignorant pagans and not relinquishing them to eternal damnation! So off the Christian Missionaries went to â€Å"save the world. Of course, since there was one way and one way only, it was paramount that the missionaries taught the others, but did not themselves pick up any â€Å"bad habits. † This was a â€Å"my way or the highway† type of approach. Thus the missionaries were authorized by the church to convert, dominate or control people who thought different, or who simply were different. A horrifying example of this can be seen in the White Man’s conquest of the native population both in Australia and the United States that allowed the Christian invaders to simply demolish and destroy the native population in cold blood. These violent and arrogant actions were approved and encouraged by the church. And interpretations of the natives as primitive, non-Christian and savage were at the core of this paradigm. Thus to slaughter and destroy this native population was no more an immoral proposition than it was to cut down a tree or slaughter a buffalo. The native population was seen as pagan (half-naked, with different laws around sexuality) and as devilish (worshiping and honoring nature) and therefore there was nothing wrong with the Christian man slaughtering and destroying the native population. The Native population was simply regarded as if they were weeds to pull out of the fields before they could be put under the plow. The â€Å"us† killed â€Å"them† and it was all done out of good Christian duty! Certitude has been encouraged by the Abrahamic Religions in general. Christianity share the same jealous Judaic God syndrome with Islam and therefore many a religious war, crusade and terrorist attack has been waged at the behest of a proposed defense of the â€Å"one and only truth†. Western science has likewise been caught up in the syndrome of certitude in its quest to appear unquestionable and absolute. The interesting thing about this kind of belief is that one can only â€Å"prove objectively† that which builds on previous findings! Science is slow to embrace new evidence, especially the kind of proof that shatters the preconceived findings that have been accepted before. Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake in Rome in the year 1600 for his refusal to back down from his conviction that Copernicus was right in his heliocentric understanding of our universe. I believe we find ourselves in similar quandaries today as we grapple with the inclusion of the radical findings of neuroscience, transpersonal psychology as well as quantum science. Thankfully we do not burn people at the stake anymore! Serious science prides itself at being provable. And as much as I agree with the need to verify and critically analyze findings, I also know that sometimes we need to accept results that consistently prove themselves, but are outside the realm the current paradigm of accepted science. So how does one enlarge one’s world view? How do we add new knowledge, if we are limited by what has been accepted within the current paradigm? We are living with a scientific model that only validates what can be measured and weighed with our five senses. Anything beyond that is scoffed at and relegated to the realms of â€Å"the para-normal,† â€Å"psychic† or â€Å"the religious. † Richard Dawkins proudly proclaims that â€Å"science is based upon verifiable evidence. Religious faith not only lacks evidence, its independence from evidence is its pride and joy. (10) Proponents of a strictly scientific worldview allude to the spiritual experience as a kind of mumbo jumbo that is lumped in with proponents of organized religion. â€Å"Theres all the difference in the world between a belief that one is prepared to defend by quoting evidence and logic and a belief that is supported by nothing more than tradition, authority, or revelation. †. (11) Howe ver to me there is a world of difference between a dogmatic acceptance of creed and a spiritual experience that is personal, intense and undeniable. Or findings in transpersonal psychology outside the strict Western medical paradigm, and therefore is relegated to the realms of â€Å"mental illness†. Or actual â€Å"hard science† that seems to prove that there is a potential for traveling faster than light, or particles smaller than we thought. Science however, is slow to come around and accept such findings when they are fundamentally changing what we previously accepted as â€Å"fact†. Again we have an â€Å"us versus them† view that pits proponents of â€Å"good verifiable science† and the more experimental and paradigm-shattering kind against each other. The level of certitude of what is true and false tends to be absolute for both proponents of both Western science and organized religion and therefore as much as Dawkins might want to set himself apart from believers of religion, I believe he himself is just as caught up in a limiting world view as those he denounces with intense fervor. Nonetheless both science and religion are stuck in world views that keep them both from really looking outside their own limited world view. Repression and Violence John Harvey Kellogg was an esteemed business man and the co-creator of the Kelloggs Cereal Company. He was also a leader in the formation of the American Medical Missionary College and an influential writer on health and wellness in the late 1800’s America. He was a Seventh Day Adventist and advocated such practices as applying carbolic acid to the clitoris of young women to prevent sexual arousal. He was a staunch proponent of sexual abstinence and saw masturbation as threatening to human health and society. He suggested wiring the foreskin shut in young boys to effectively prevent an erection. He also advocated applying electrical current to the sexual organs at time of arousal. These kinds of measures would be efficient tools in ridding society of all the ills stemming from the sexual urges. He was a proponent of circumcision of boys with no anesthetic, â€Å"especially (†¦to) be connected with the idea of punishment. † (12) In marriage Mr. Kellogg saw the sexual urge as no less than â€Å"legalized prostitution. † (13) Mr. Kellogg was just one of many respected medical practitioners of the time, who interpreted the sexual drive as something to repress and inhibit at all cost. Many societal ills, death and destruction were interpreted by him and many like him as directly linked to the human sexuality. Long before Mr. Kellogg’s wonder practices became all the rage on the American plains, the Catholic Church had long been one of the largest contributors to this kind of suppression of the human urge to procreate. Prohibiting the sexual urges has directly led to centuries of sexual abuse in the church. These cases are now well documented and starting to undermine the reign of the Papal Dynasty. The way the fundamentalist Islamic world treats human sexuality is even more barbaric and laden with including female circumcision and prevalent rape. The Abrahamic religions, and the power structures that have embraced them, have systematically labored to make human nature, including our sexuality, seem so suspect and dangerous that it has been at the heart of its mission to demonize it. Much energy has been spent on how to punish humans who were transgressing, and how to make an example out of them. This has of course directly led to violence perpetrated by the power structures trying to contain the people from exploring (their own) nature (burnings, executions, torture, Mr. Kellogg’s prescriptions, etc. But it has also led down the path of repressed and frustrated urges manifesting and expressing themselves in their shadowy forms of violence, scorn and cruelty. In America, judging by the standards used to rate movies, we are still much more lenient towards allowing unspeakable violence than we are comfortable at allowing a bare breast or a naked buttock to be seen on the screen by our youth. Blood, gore and violence are h owever included in almost every video game and every movie that we allow to babysit our popcorn-eating youngsters. Human nature expressed holistically includes our basic urge to procreate, expressed in our sexuality. When made suspect and repressed (beyond a normal level that allows us to function among other people) powerful, perverse and brutal actions might result. The shadow side of our sexuality if it is not allowed to find appropriate and adequate expression is often tragic. Grof has another way of linking sex and violence by pointing out that the two are intrinsically linked in the 3rd birth matrix. He would say that as we wander through life without consciously looking at the deeper personal pre-natal layers, as well as the archetypal collective forces, we are doomed to relive and in fact attract certain patterns all through our lives in unconscious search for completion. Grof thus joins the theories about human behavior of Freud (sexual drive) and Adler (will for power) with his own transpersonal views and offers an understanding that points out that the joining of sex and violence stems from an unconscious desire for freedom from the painful experiences in the third perinatal birth matrix. 14) Grof, however would agree that the worst thing to do with any urges from the unconscious mind is to suppress them permanently. During most of the time span of Western Civilization Nature and human nature has been reduced to its most basic, shadowy and lowly tendencies by the repression and denial of its natural form by church and other powers. There is no doubt in my mind that this mist aken expression of religion, through the denial of sexual nature, has contributed to further the violent outbursts inherent in terrorism and in the wars of our world. 15) The connection between repressed, abusive sexuality and violence is beyond doubt, whether you view this through the lens of Adler, Jung, Freud or Grof. This same trend of forced sexual suppression is also seen in fundamentalist Islamic countries. Whether in Judaism, Islam or Christianity this repression of natural urges stems from a misunderstood practice of the religion of a jealous monotheistic (and sex-hating) God who accepts no competition from nature, cosmos or man himself.

The candidate for the Democrats

The candidate for the Democrats was an election in itself. Three contenders showed promising outcomes for a Democratic victory. The first candidate was representative Oscar Underwood of Alabama, he secured the support of the South. The second candidate was Champ Clark, he had support from the rich party members including a newspaper publisher named William Randolph Hearst. The final candidate was Woodrow Wilson, who had just been elected to governer of New Jersey two years earlier. It took 46 ballots, but finally Woodrows idea for moral revival of the nation tipped the scale in his favor and won the spot for Democratic candidate. The Republicans we split between two candidates, William H. Taft and Theodore Roosevelt. Taft controlled most of the convention in Chicago, but when it finally came down to it Taft was chosen. The newly gathered Progressive Party, who were basically Republican, stormed out of the convention and declared it a fraud. With time running out, ! they gathered together and urged Roosevelt to lead a new party. Roosevelt did not think twice, he happily agreed and was nominated for candidate of the Progressive party. The fourth candidate in the election was the small Socialist party and their nomination of Eugene V. Debs. As for the issues, the Republicans were for conservation and banking, currency reform, mild revision of the tariff and for regulation of trusts. The Democrats also wanted conservation and banking and currency reform, but the similarities end there. They wanted much lower duties and to end all monopolies. The election was not a four-way battle, it was primarily between Roosevelt and Wilson. Taft had very little popular support and Debs was not favored by anyone. With the election down to two, the competition became tough. Both Roosevelt and Wilson supported a much stronger government role in economic affairs, but once again the similarities ende

Big Five Personality And Adolescents Daily Development Psychology Essay

Big Five Personality And Adolescents Daily Development Psychology Essay According to J. Belsky’s (1984) process model of parenting, both adolescents’ and parents’ personality should exert a significant impact on the quality of their mutual relationship. Using multi-informant, symmetric data on the Big Five personality traits and the relationship quality of mothers, fathers, and two adolescent children, the current study set out to test this prediction. Adolescents’ agreeableness and parents’ extraversion emerged as predictors of relationship warmth, whereas parents’ openness emerged as a predictor of low restrictive control. In addition, some gender-specific effects emerged. Overall, parents’ and adolescents’ traits equally predicted the amount of relationship warmth, whereas adolescents’ unique personality more strongly predicted the amount of restrictive control. The predictive power of adolescents’ personality increased with age. Personality characteristics that affected relationsh ip quality were partly shared between parents and their adolescent children. Findings support Belsky’s (1984) notion that both parents’ and children’s personality predict the quality of their mutual relationship, though the relative predictive power of children and parents depends on the type of outcome variable and the age of the children. (Denissen, J. J. A., van Aken, M. A. G. & Dubas, J. S. (2009). Introduction According to Schults& Schults (2009), there are 5 factors contained in McCrae and Costa’s big five personality factors. They are Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. In short, it can be called OCEAN. Each alphabet represents one factor. According to McCrae and Costa’s theory, a neurotic may show that one is worried, insecure, and nervous. As for extraverts, they may portray that they are sociable, able to mix-around, and talkative. For those who are open to experience, they are creative and daring in pursuing anything that interests them. A person that is agreeable, he or she is basically good-natured, easy-going towards others and softhearted. Lastly, people with conscientiousness portray that they are careful, both reliable and hardworking. Aim of Research paper The aim of this paper is to know the big five personality development or five factor models that affects adolescence. Besides that, by using the OCEAN theory, in what way can we understand adolescence? Therefore, we will be studying the big five theory that affects the relationships between adolescence and their parents, exploring how maturity in them (adolescence) affect themselves and the surrounding, and the link between empathy and big 5 links with adolescence. Because of parents are involved in one of the study, we will be exploring a little on big five development have on adults. However, it is important to note that the main focus will be on adolescence. Empathy and big 5 personality in adolescence Empathy is a ssociated as tools for controlling aggression in adolescence. In today’s personality research, the five factor model is considered to be dominant, with lots of it being applied. According to the findings obtained, empathy and friendliness has large correlation. In other words, it refers to male and female, boys and girls. There is also positive correlation with conscientiousness, energy, and openness to experience has also been observed. There are about 832 children aged between 12-17 years old participated in the study. It was composed of 408 boys and 424 girls. Questionnaires were distributed in the classroom and administered by a certified psychologist. As for the measurements, The Spanish version of Bryant’s empathy Index for children and adolescents and Big Five Questionnaire were given to them. (Barrio, V. D., Anton, A. & Garcia L. F. 2004)

LOG502 MoD 5 TD Logistics Alternatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LOG502 MoD 5 TD Logistics Alternatives - Essay Example The considerable cost savings can outweigh the speed used by shippers to move goods by trucks. In addition, intermodal is an environmentally friendly transportation mode (Browne et al. 4). By the use of intermodal transportation, organizations can reduce carbon footprint. Intermodal logistics parks allow shippers to have access to standardized transit schedules. It translates into capacity, reliability, and safety advantages. Moving the freight to intermodal allows companies to restructure their reverse logistics. Intermodal logistics parks provide cost savings, greater capacity, increased reliability, and significant safety and green advantages. Intermodal freight transportation can be costly because of the number of transportation modes. Intermodal logistics parks involve high costs that are linked with moving freight by the use of different modes of transportation. In addition, the absence of communication and equipment’s idle time may increase costs of transportation. Equally, equipment moving from one place to another empty adds to the costs. The costs incurred are expenses paid to employees and fuel costs. (Browne et al.

U07d2 Reimbursement Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U07d2 Reimbursement Reform - Essay Example The National Quality Forum is a nonprofit organization that brings to sight the measurement issues from the health care spectrum (Mattie, 2008). The Centre for Medicaid and Medicare arrived a conclusion that there would not be any reimbursements for the events and this led to a number of debates in the industry. The main intension of this decision was to help improve the safety of the patients and also to improve the overall quality of the healthcare systems. The intension was that if no reimbursements were to be provided to the hospitals for these errors then there would be more care and attention that is given and thereby better practices in the healthcare. The hospitals were getting paid excessively and the doctors were been seen to become more and more irresponsible and careless. Take for instance, if the doctors made an error and the patient required to go through another treatment for the rectification of the error, the doctor would be paid for both. In order to meet up to the current events in the health care and to ensure that doctors were accountable for their actions, the CMS brought in the initiative and the pay would not be given to the doctors in case of errors (DerGurahian, 2010). The initiative was followed by the insurers as well and newer and more versions were developed to ensure that the ‘never events’ were not paid for. This initiative has led the hospitals and the health care organizations to work harder to ensure bettered and more responsible behavior from the doctors and all people within the hospitals. There have been several insurers which have also agreed to withhold the payments even if a single error was to be conducted during the procedures. The basic reason why this initiative was taken is one which is very helpful, as if any error or event was to happen and was not supposed to happen, and then it was incorrect for the healthcare to

Major Works Data Sheet Essay Example for Free

Major Works Data Sheet Essay MLA Book Citation: |Biographical information about author: | |Tan, Amy. The Bonesetters Daughter. New York: Putnam, 2001.|(Last Name, First. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, original |publication date. ) |Genre: Point of View: Plot Summary Outline: (Two sentences each) | |Exposition/Background: Initial Conflict: |Rising Action: Crisis/Climax: |Falling Action: Characteristics of the genre: |Historical information about the original period of publication: | | | Characters |Name | | |Role in story | | |Characteristics (3-5 adj. ) | | |â€Å"Quote† that reveals character, (page | | |number). Then an explanation not a | | |translation. Name | | |Role in story | | |Characteristics (3-5 adj. ) | | |â€Å"Quote† that reveals character, (page | | |number). Then an explanation not a | | |translation | | |Name | | |Role in story | | |Characteristics (3-5 adj. ) | | |â€Å"Quote† that reveals character, (page | | |number). Then an explanation not a | | |translation | Name | | |Role in story | | |Characteristics (3-5 adj. ) | | |â€Å"Quote† that reveals character, (page | | |number). Then an explanation not a | | |translation. Memorable Quotes |â€Å"Quotation† (MLA citation). speaker |Significance of this quote Examples of Literary Techniques | |Choose three different techniques and quotes to discuss | |(Imagery, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, personification, onomatopoeia, oxymoron, irony, foreshadowing, etc. ) : | |â€Å"Quotation† (MLA citation). speaker |State then discuss each technique listed Describe the setting (time and place) |Mood | | |The atmosphere or emotional condition created in the reader by the piece. | | | | |State, then discuss TWO symbols |State, then discuss TWO themes | |A symbol must be something tangible or visible, |A theme is a universal idea behind a novel, or the life lesson you learned from| |while the idea it symbolizes must be something abstract or universal. |the work; it does NOT include plot details, though details should  be discussed | | |in your analysis. ) Significance of opening scene |Significance of closing scene | | | | |Additional /Personal Comments and Analysis: | | | | | |MLA List of References (List where you found information for this assignment): | |ie. Phillips, Brian and Sekaran, Shanti. SparkNotes on The Outsiders. 23 July 2006 . | |ie. Sauder, Diane. MonkeyNotes on The Outsider. 1 August 2006.

Lord of the Flies Essay -- Literary Analysis, William Golding

Nature or nurture? A question frequently asked but hard to answer or prove. This is where William Golding steps in. He writes a novel about a group of schoolboys stranded on an island, fighting to survive. Instead of acting how they have been taught by society, they turn into a disaster, breaking up into separate groups, having celebrations to hunt pig, and killing each other. In Lord of the Flies, William Golding, inspired by The Coral Island and Paradise Lost, shows the true nature of human beings in a society created by children. The novel, Lord of the Flies, comes from William Golding’s personal experiences. In 1953, Golding asked his wife, Ann, if she thought it would be a good idea if he wrote a book about the mess boys with no parents would make on an island. She responded that she liked the idea, so Golding sat down and started writing his first novel (Tiger 22). As he started writing this novel, Golding remembered when he had served in the Royal Army during World War II. Those five years taught Golding what humans were actually capable and willing to do. They are also responsible for first interesting him in the evil within humans and barbarism (â€Å"Golding†). Although Golding got many of his themes from what he had witnessed, he also based his plot from a few of his previous readings. Lord of the Flies is considered to be William Golding’s response to R.M. Ballantyne’s, The Coral Island. Like Lord of the Flies, Ballantyne’s novel is based on a group of boys who get shipwrecked and end up stranded on a coral reef island. Although, in The Coral Island the boys make the best of the situation they are in and lead a happy, organized life. Golding calls his novel a â€Å"kind of black mass or realistic view of the situation† (Bu... ... ignoring his other ones. In response to this, Golding wrote the essay â€Å"Fable† to answer questions he received constantly (Wood 316). The book also â€Å"inspired two films, was translated into 26 languages, sold millions of copies, and became a standard on college and high school reading lists† (Lambert 317). Moreover, Nigel Williams, an actor produced a theatrical adoption from the book. The title of the novel was even used to name the killing or mass murder of children (Tiger 23). To sum it all up, in Lord of the Flies, William Golding shows that he believes in nature over nurture. Although his novel did receive negative reviews, it turned out to be a very successful novel. Lord of the Flies continues to be famous and studied world-wide. His wording, themes, realistic views, symbolism and writing overall continue to attract and interest more readers to his writing.

Japan Vs Feudal Europe

The systems Presence of Feudal System Compare Feudalism developed slightly later in Japan than in Europe Contrast: Base of Feudalism European feudalism was grounded in Roman legal structure while Japan feudalism had as its basis Chinese Confucianism Evidence 1: Europe: the economic system of Europe is based on an economic system made of the relationships between the different classes in the hierarchal life in Europe. Japan: Unlike Europe, Japan's economy relied on Internal money flow.For the most part an Agricultural Economy Evidence 1: What the main Religion was Europe: Christianity Japan: Buddhism with Shinto Influence and Zen Buddhism Evidence 2: class differences and positions Divisions of Class and Rank Europe: King, Nobles (dukes, Duchesses), Peasants, Serfs Japan: Empower (acts as a figurehead) Shogun (has the power, Military Leader), Deadly (Each controls an area of land had Is master so his Samurai who are paid to work for and protect him), Samurai (Warriors who fought to pr otect their Diamond and people.They uphold a strict code of selflessness and honor), Peasants (farmers and Sherman, they were considered higher class than in Europe because they supplied food which all classes depend on), Artisans (people who were specialized in a specific trade), Merchants (Merchants were the lowest class and their Job was to trade and transport goods as well as shop-keep Europe: Unity of Church and State, Papacy Sometimes forced conversion Japan: In feudal Japan, state and religion were kept separate for the most part.Buddhism came to Japan 300 years before feudalism took shape. It blended with the native Japanese religion Shinto to for Zen Buddhism Japanese variation of Buddhism Reinforced Bushier values of mental and self-discipline Buddhist monasteries became very wealthy Conversion was never forced. Monasteries were centers of learning, charity, interpretation for the poor It was the country official religion throughout feudal Japan, but religious leaders did not try to control politics or society.This non-interference allowed the Shogun and Dynamos to rule while only focusing on the military and political aspects of their rulers The beliefs of Zen Buddhism were very popular among samurai since they followed beliefs of Bushier Evidence 3: Compare and Contrast in Warriors and their valuesWho they were, difference in training, attire, Position in society, role in the community, duty outside of warfare Bushier-values Justice or rectitude Without rectitude they will not be fulfilling the full responsibility of the samurai Courage Doing what its right no matter how scary Mercy Politeness (etiquette) Honesty Honor Loyalty Self Control expected to have not only the strength and skills to face combat in the violent Middle Ages but was also expected to temper this aggressive side of a knight with a chivalrous side to his nature. To fear God and maintain His ChurchTo serve the liege lord in velour and faith To protect the weak and defenseless To g ive succor to widows and orphans To refrain from the wanton giving of offence To live by honor and for glory To despise pecuniary reward To fight for the welfare of all To obey those placed in authority To guard the honor of fellow knights To eschew unfairness, meanness and deceit To keep faith At all times to speak the truth To persevere to the end in any enterprise begun To respect the honor of women Never to refuse a challenge from an equal Never to turn the back upon a foe Evidence

History of Corrections Essay

The corrections system in America began mostly with the arrival of William Penn and his â€Å"Great Law.† This was back in 1682; the â€Å"Great Law† was based on humane principals and also focused on hard labor as a punishment. The corrections system really began to take hold in North America in the late 1700’s with the idea’s and philosophy of Beccaria, Bentham, and Howard. These philosophies were based on the thought that prisoners could be treated and reformed back into society. This hard labor was used as an alternative to other cruel forms of punishments that were used in earlier times such as physical abuse or even brutal death. In 1790 came the birth of the Penitentiary in Philadelphia. The penitentiary was different than other systems in that it isolated prisoners, â€Å" †¦isolated from the bad influences of society and one from another so that, while engaged in productive labor, they could reflect on their past miss-deeds†¦and be reformed,† (Clear, Cole, Reisig). The American penitentiary and its new concept was observed and adopted by other foreign countries. The Pennsylvania system of the penitentiary was based on inmate isolation so that they could ponder their past behavioral choices. In this system the inmates were confined to labor on their own. In New York they had a different system, known as the Auburn system. This system differed from the Pennsylvania system because inmates would come together during the day to do their work and labor but were otherwise held in isolation. In the early 1900’s a group of progressives sought to reform the ways of the corrections system. Their ideas about the cause of crime were more centered around the social, economic, and psychological pressures on people. The progressives brought up programs that were discussed in 1870 at the Cincinnati meeting. These programs included probation, parole, and other indeterminate sentences that are still used in corrections today. As we can see the penitentiary system has changed over the years. As we advance and learn more as a society, we are able to fine tune these programs for all parties involved. Overall, the key point of all of these systems and the ultimate goal is public safety. Keeping our people safe and moving in a peaceful direction is essential to our society. Goals of Corrections The corrections system in the U.S. has five main goals when dealing with criminal sanctions. Originally the system had four main goals: Retribution, Deterrence, Incapacitation, and Rehabilitation. Later on there was much focus placed on a fifth goal: Restorative and Community Justice. These goals are designed to be effective toward different types of criminals and a combination may be used in many cases. Retribution, also known as Deserved Punishment, is much like the old saying â€Å"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth†(Clear, Cole, Reisig). Basically this is a punishment where the severity of the sentence should fit the severity of the crime. If a criminal has done wrong to someone then they deserve to feel that same wrong doing. There are two types of Deterrence used in corrections. The first is just a general deterrence, which is a method of using punishments and making them visible to the public with the goal of deterring others in the public from wanting to commit crime. Public hangings were once used as this type of deterrence. The other type is directed toward the criminal in hopes that they will not repeat crimes in the future. The punishment is to be severe enough to discourage any future criminal activity. This type is called Specific Deterrence. â€Å"Deterrence theory contends that if the public knows the consequences of deviance, many individuals will not commit a crime† (Long). Incapacitation is typically understood as the detainment of a criminal. The goal of incapacitation is to keep criminals from being able to commit further crimes. There are several different ways of using incapacitation. Reducing the movement and involvement of a criminal in society will hopefully reduce crime on the streets. â€Å"†¦ incapacitation focuses on the characteristics of the offenders instead of the characteristics of the offenses†(Clear, Cole, Reisig). Rehabilitation is more of a therapeutic method to help the criminal ditch crime and become a constructive member in society. â€Å"Rehabilitation involves teaching inmates silks and trades that will, hopefully, give them a chance to become law-abiding citizens once they are released from prison† (Long). This method is looked at as more of a treatment than a punishment, to guide the criminal to make better choices and live a better life. Restorative or Community Justice is a fairly new concept. It is aimed more at repairing damages caused by the crime to the victim(s) and the community involved. In this method the victim lays out conditions for the offender and what is necessary to help repair any losses. The community provides assistance to help restore the offender to the community. Some say that this method can be dangerous and bypasses certain safeguards. The goals of corrections are solid efforts to reduce crime. There are many improvements that could be made. As we learn and test these methods, they need to be fine tuned and have the bugs worked out. If something isn’t working in the appropriate way it needs to be addressed and refocused. I think that many of these goals will become weak and maybe overlooked with the new AB 109 bill and other reforms currently taking place in California Corrections. Prison Sanctions There are three types of sentencing structures used in the corrections system. Each type leaves some discretion for the judge and varies on the goals for the criminal. The different methods used are called: indeterminate sentences, determinate sentences, and mandatory sentences. Indeterminate sentences go in line with the idea of rehabilitation. These sentences usually have a minimum and a maximum term. It is a range and the courts use this range to determine parole and it is somewhat based on the amount of time given for a treatment program. The purpose behind this form of sentencing is incapacitation, deterrence and rehabilitation. Determinate sentencing is quite the opposite from indeterminate, hence the name. This sentencing structure follows the concept of retribution mainly. Retribution is a deserved punishment, so basically the offender is given a length of sentence based on the crime that was committed. It is a fixed sentence that goes with the specific crime committed. After the offender has served his time he is then released and is free to go without any parole or program ties. The third sentencing structure is mandatory sentencing. This structure is based on the crime committed. It has a minimum time period attached to certain crimes that the government deems fit. This type of sentencing does not take into account the different circumstances of the crime but only looks at the crime itself. â€Å"The ‘three strikes and you’re out’ laws, now adopted by several states and the federal government, provide one example of mandatory sentencing†(Clear, Cole, Reisig). The purpose behind these sentences is incapacitation and deterrence. The sentencing structures are all a bit different. I am not sure if I can say for sure that I agree with any one more than another. I think the best way may be a good mix between indeterminate and mandatory. I do agree with the idea of the rehabilitation concept to an extent but the severity of some crimes should absolutely be accompanied with a minimum period to ensure some justice. Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions Probation, Parole, and Intermediate sanctions all seem to stem from similar concepts and ideas. Each of these forms of punishment seems to be a way of easing the harsh criminal laws for certain offenders in some cases. They were all developed in order to provide different means to support the offenders’ restoration in society. Probation, which began with John Augustus in 1841, allows the offender to serve out a punishment in the community while under supervision rather than be sent to prison. John Augustus is known as the first probation officer. He began by helping people with bail back in Boston in the 1830s. It was introduced as a way to â€Å"†¦ alleviate the harshness of the criminal law† (Clear, Cole, Reisig). It is now a form of sentencing that includes investigation and supervision and is used in every state today. Captain Alexander Maconochie, who I believe is actually an ancestor of mine but will need to do more research, created a system back in the mid 1800s that would reward prisoners based on their good behavior. He developed stages that prisoners could go through based on their conduct that were like steps to freedom. He is the founder of the concept behind what we call parole today. His staged system was to gauge the offenders willingness to accept society’s rules much like parole is supervision back into society with a set of rules. This system is also a way to ease the intensity of criminal law for those with good conduct. Intermediate Sanctions came about a bit later but for very similar reasons. Some expressed these reasons as: â€Å"†¦ imprisonment is too restrictive for many offenders, traditional probation does not work with most offenders, and justice is well served by having options in between† (Clear, Cole, Reisig). These were other ways of softening the criminal laws for offenders based on certain circumstances. These intermediate sanctions were aimed at lower risk offenders as a type of rehabilitation effort. The different intermediate sanctions include programs such as: community service, restitution, home confinement, boot camp, and more. I would have to agree with the basis of all three of these programs. I think that there are many offenders that would fare well in these types of sentences. However, these are more for the lower risk type offenders that have shown good conduct and that may have a chance in becoming a functioning part of society. There are many other higher risk offenders that do not deserve the option of these sanctions. It is better for the safety of the public that these sentences are highly monitored and that the offenders are ready to be placed back in society.

How to Write an Essay About a Book

How to Write an Essay About a Book How to Write an Essay About a Book Although we are living in a world with plenty of opportunities for gathering information and easy communication, a good tradition still exists. Internet forums, chats, and social networks are becoming more and more fashionable. Fortunately, the good old paper book has not been forgotten. Books are language in general; they also implement a certain culture. One can grasp the spirit of a given era, or to extend their knowledge about a given personality, place, or field of science. The only thing that we can learn from the majority of internet forums is how to use as simple language as possible, and how to discuss a topic without any clue of rational arguments. For that reason, we still need to read books, whether paper ones or e-books. There is one difficulty arising after we have received an assignment to write an essay about a given book. Every book contains a world consisting of symbols. Symbols are signs employed by human beings to communicate information. Knowledge, for example, is a system of symbols. It is important to note that every symbol needs to be interpreted by a given person; symbols do not exist independently from human thought. Therefore, one and the same interpretation of a given book is far from possible. Hence, don’t be afraid to express your own feelings and impressions; in the essay you should write your personal point of view on the book. However, you’d better follow some rules for writing a good essay. How to write an essay about a book – 8 key tips 1. Read some analysis of the book in question. It is always better to read secondary literature first, otherwise, you may be confused while reading the book. 2. Read the book. Try to read as much as possible. If there is not enough time left, you may skip the passages which seem unimportant (but not more than one third of the book). The voluminous books contain some descriptions of places, persons, and circumstances that you need to take into consideration. 3. Write down your impressions and thoughts, as well as the most important events described in the book. Unlike some ancient Greeks, you cannot remember all acts described in the Iliad. 4. Describe the plot of the book in two or three short paragraphs. Be concise: your teacher has probably read the book already. 5. Quote! Select two quotations from the book and elucidate their meaning. Explain what is important in them. 6. Write a paragraph about the author: their style, education, themes, and their influence over other writers. You should demonstrate your comprehensive knowledge of the historical era or literary school. 7. Criticize. What facts are unreliable in the book? Are there any weak points in it; for instance, wrong historical descriptions, prominent author’s bias, or unjustified end of the book (Deux ex machina), etc. 8. Draw a conclusion. What lesson do we learn from the book? What does an author intend to tell us? What do they not tell us and why? A good interpretation grasps the similarities between different books of one category, thereby analyzing a book in the light of a given era, or social, historical, political context, as it was stated. Every interpretation is a generalization, and at the same time it implies good knowledge about the distinctive features of a given book. You should pay attention to the details, and then generalize them. This is the essence of writing a good essay on a book.

Japanese Automobile Manufacturers as Multinationals Essay

Japanese Automobile Manufacturers as Multinationals - Essay Example Strategies created by Japanese experts were used by Toyota and other Japanese automobile manufacturers to achieve the imposing in the markets and the business development. Japanese strategy called KAIZEN is widely famous for using by Toyota and other major producers. According to Funaru this strategy includes continuous improvement and its impact on the product quality’s level (Funaru M. 2010). This strategy is considered to be integrative and cross-functional in meaning it involves all staff in the gradual improvement, management and business activities for increasing company’s productivity, quality of the products and competitiveness of the business. Speaking of Toyota’s product strategy, it’s built on the following: new innovative technologies development, highest quality, discovering of new sources for creativity and focusing on research. Toyota Company is one of the largest automobile manufacturing companies in the world. The designs of the products are quite impressive thereby commanding lots reliance by several customers around the globe. However, it is of crucial significance to note that there are a number of problems that face the Japanese Automobiles in general. Some of these problems may include the issue of globalization and its associated implications, stiff competition, striking a balance between marketing and branding as well as dealing with pressure to attain efficiency and maintain sustainability in the markets and production. These have presented major challenges to a number of automobile industries thereby compromising their competitive advantages over the other world producers.

Research proposal dealing with architectural design Essay

Research proposal dealing with architectural design - Essay Example The construction of a roller coaster would serve to attract additional business to this area of the city, further enhancing our ability for economic improvement and revitalization of other structures in the general downtown area. This paper will outline the background of this project, illustrate examples of other cities that have capitalized on small-scale entertainment parks, detail the specifics of the roller coaster itself and enumerate the requirements we would need to invest to make this proposal a reality. When determining the best use for this land, it is appropriate to take a look into the existing facilities in the immediate vicinity. This property lies approximately one half mile from the very large Veteran’s Park along Lake Michigan and less than a quarter of a mile from the River Walk along the Milwaukee River (Mapquest, 2006). This area is described as already thriving with traditional park-like activities. Veteran’s Park itself is bordered by McKinley Marina, the Milwaukee Art Museum complex, a large veteran’s memorial, the 76 Bike Trail, Lake Michigan access, large duck and geese ponds, paddleboats for rent, rollerblading and large fields for kite flying (AOL Cityguide, 2005). Betsa Marsh (2005) describes the River Walk as having â€Å"steps leading down to the river and circular overlooks just above the waves. The route is festooned with flower-draped lampposts, public art and benches just made for cracking open a book. Tiny bump-outs seem like perfect spots for moonlit kisses. Dozens of stores, cafes and bars with river frontage invite pedestrians to linger, browse and buy.† With these kinds of large scale park activities covering outdoor sports and leisure, boating, art, theater and providing room for large gatherings and activities, there is little need in the vicinity for another completely green park area. Businesses that would normally choose to locate close to such settings already have ample space in either of these two

Memo about organizational change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Memo about organizational change - Assignment Example Therefore, mangers should have to the ability to manage change in the organization. Change is a strategy for success and enhancing the performance of the organization. This essay proposes a specific organizational change, as well as, the reason for the change in the organization. Blackberry Limited, which was formerly known as Research in Motion Limited, is a company in question that I will propose an organization change (Rothwell & Roland, 24). The company is based in Canada and deals with telecommunication and wireless equipment, as well as, the provider of a secure high and reliable software for Mobile Device Management and industrial application. The company is commonly known for the development of blackberry brand of tablets and smartphones. The company should change their organizational strategy by reducing the workforce that was meant to save the organizations money that they do not have as another phone company’s such as Apple and Samsung have dominated the market. The reason for organizational change in Blackberry limited has been associated with the financial struggle they have gone through that has been; as a result, competition. The value of the proposed change is that it will help the organization in getting back where it was before its competitors entered into the market. This is because there has been an increase in the number of phone companies globally that are making smartphones that have the same features as those found in blackberry. Blackberry decided to lay off their employees as they could not raise enough money to cater for their salaries. However, in a memo released by CEO John Chen he indicated that the company had completed its workforce reductions that have been on for three years. For that reason, the company was willing to hire only if the market did not get worse. The workforce reduction

How does addiction affect high school students (15-18 years old) Essay

How does addiction affect high school students (15-18 years old) grades or school performance - Essay Example tained by them are also influenced by the factors like setting proper priorities, maintaining pleasing attitudes and demonstrating acceptable behavioral practices. And., it is reported that the proportion of students that falls in the above category is only 40 % of the school population (Nelson et al, 2001). It is equally surprising that atleast a quarter of the high school leaving children felt unhappy and supportless and another 15 percent have the history of either attempting or committing suicide (Nelson et al, 2001). A closer introspection clearly reveals that the contributory factors for such disturbing situations are tobacco addiction, alcohol abuse, wide variation in the mental state like depression and bipolar disorder, unbearable loss of loved one, humiliation and easy access to very lethal systems (Nelson et al, 2001). Among these, addiction to tobacco is found to be the easiest trap to which students easily fell due to the easiness in availability of the products and rela tively lower social stigma attached to this habit when compared to others in the list. Thus this research study is undertaken with the objective to investigate how the academic performance in schools are affected as a result of addiction, more specifically to tobacco smoking. A research study carried out among a set of school children have given wide ranging reasons for getting addicted to the tobacco products, mostly for smoking (Dongre et al, 2008). It says that nearly 50 percent of the students succumb to smoking in school due to the peer pressure. The next contributing factor is for curiosity to explore the â€Å"pleasures† in the process. A small fraction of students, about 8 percent, resort to tobacco claiming it to have a curative value (Dongre et al, 2008). Another research conducted to understand the psychosocial predictors in the onset of the tobacco smoking shows a strong relationship with four different factors. These are categorized as social and interpersonal

Business Ethics And Corporate Responsibility Marketing Essay

Business Ethics And Corporate Responsibility Marketing Essay Describe the basic features that distinguish the three traditional forms of business ownership: sole proprietorships, general partnerships and C corporations. ~Sole proprietorship is a business that is owned and managed by one individual. Earnings of the company are treated as income and debts that arise are personal debts. It is the most common type of business organization in United States. ~General partnership: In this type of business all partners have right to participate in management of the firm and share any profits or losses. There is no limit on number of partners but usually its two. ~C corporation is a legal entity, separate and distinct from its owners. Its owned by stockholders. Its mission and objective are established by board of directors and board of directors is selected by stockholders to protect their interests. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of sole proprietorships and general partnerships. ~Both are easy to form, have tax advantages, and unlimited liability. ~General partnership has a stronger financial base than sole proprietorship. ~On the other hand, general partnership can be destroyed much easier than sole ~proprietorship because of disagreements between partners. ~ Another disadvantage in sole proprietorship is that workload and responsibilities are on one person while in partnership its shared. What advantages help explain why virtually all large companies are organized as C corporations? ~Corporations can raise huge amount of financial capital ~Its easy for stockholders to withdraw from ownership or sell shares of stock ~Stockholders have limited liability. They are not personally liable for the debts of the company. What steps are involved in starting a general corporation? ~Requires filing form called the articles of incorporation, with a specific state agency. ~Pay filling fees and establish corporate bylaws-basic the basic rules governing how a corporation is organized and how it manages its business. ~Companies also choose corporation friendly states, because not all states are friendly and charge a lot of money. How is a corporations board of directors chosen? Explain the role the board plays in a corporations management. ~ According to corporate bylaws stockholders elect board of directors that they rely on to manage company and protect their interests. ~Board of directors establishes the corporations mission and sets its broad objectives. ~Board of directors then assigns the chief of executive officer and other corporate officers to manage company. Explain how S corporations, statutory closed corporations, and nonprofit corporations differ from C corporations. ~S corporation: IRS does not tax earning separately, can have no more than 100 stockholders, each stockholder have to be U.S. citizen or permanent resident. ~Statutory close corporation: Doesnt have to elect a board of directors or hold annual stockholders meetings, number of stockholders are limited to 50, stockholders cant sell their shares to public without first offering to existing owners, not all states allow this type of corporation. ~Nonprofit corporation: Has members but not stockholders, cannot contribute funds to a political campaign, must keep accurate records, earnings are exempt from federal and state income, make tax deduction for individuals who contribute money or property. What are the three different types of corporate mergers? What is the rationale for each type? ~Horizontal merger: Combination of firms in the same industry. ~Vertical merger: Combination of companies with buyer-seller relationship. ~Conglomerate merger: Combination of unrelated companies. Compare an S corporation with a limited liability company. Why do you think limited liability companies are currently more popular than S corporations? ~While S corporation has limited numbers of owners, Limited Liability Company can have any number of owners. Unlike S corporation, owners of LLC can be foreign investors and other corporations. What is a business format franchise? What are the roles of the franchisor and franchisee in this arrangement? ~Business format franchise is an agreement in which the franchisee pays for the right to use the name, trademark and has to operate business according to the rules and principles of franchisor. ~Franchisor is owner and has to train and provide support franchisee; responsible for name brand recognition. ~Franchisee- has right to use franchisors name, trademarks, and patents; must follow methods and all the rules of franchisor; attend training meetings What are the main advantages and disadvantages of franchising arrangements for the franchisee? For the franchisor? ~Advantages for franchisee: less risk, training and support from franchisor, easier to borrow money from a bank ~Disadvantages for franchisee: Costs are very high, very little control, have to sell only what company sells, risk-not all companies live to their promises, growth challenges ~Advantages for franchisor: can expand the business to bring extra revenue without using own money. ~Disadvantages for franchisor: irresponsible behavior of franchisee cans cost companies success. Chapter Seven Small Business and Entrepreneurship: Economic Rocket Fuel: Review Questions Review the benefits an entrepreneur might seek in starting a new business. Which benefits are most appealing to you? Why? ~Greater financial success, independence, flexibility, challenge, survival. ~The benefits that appeal to me are independence, flexibility, and financial success. Do you recognize any of the entrepreneurial personality characteristics in yourselves? Which ones? Do you think its possible for a person to develop the characteristics that he or she lacks? Why or why not? ~Yes, I have few of entrepreneurial personality characteristics and they are self-reliance, confidence, energy, and tolerance of failure. ~I think it is hard but possible for a person to develop skills he or she lacks. It all depends on how bad that person wants to learn new skills that she or she doesnt have. What role does failure sometimes play in entrepreneurial success? What can an entrepreneur gain from failure? ~Entrepreneurs see failure as a chance to learn and succeed. Compare the opportunities and threats that small businesses face. Which opportunities are most compelling? Which threats are most intimidating? Why? ~Opportunities: Market niches, personal costumer service, lower overhead costs, technology. ~Threats: High risk of failure, lack of knowledge and experience, too little money, bigger ~Bigger regulatory burden, higher health insurance costs. ~Opportunity that compelling is personal customer service because with it small business owner can build personal relationship with a customer. Another opportunity that is compelling is lower overhead costs because no one wants to spend huge amount of money and wants to spend as less as possible. ~The biggest threat that is intimidating is high risk of failure. When someone starts a business, he or she wants to succeed and not to fail. People are scared of loosing even if they are tolerant to failure. Those that tolerant to failure dont give easily up like others do. Review the definition of niche marketer, and cite three examples of niche marketers. How has technology affected niche marketing? ~Market niche is a small segment of a market with fewer competitors than the market as a whole and tend to be more attractive to small firms. ~Organic cosmetics, Google, E-bay. ~Technology plays very important role today, because internet helped people to open new businesses and at the same time create more customers. It is good for businesses because they spend less money and grow faster. If you were to launch a new business, would you start from scratch, buy an established independent business, or buy a franchise? Why? ~I would launch a new business from a scratch. I know there are a lot of risks but I would want to be my own boss and make my decisions. How could you convince family and friends to support your new business launch? What kind of assurances would they need? What could you do to keep the funding relationships professional? ~First of all I would educate myself, learn from others, gain experience, and the most important create a business plan. Beyond personal resources, what are other funding options for small businesses? Why dont more entrepreneurs tap into these resources? ~Bank loans, angel investors, and venture capital firms. ~The reason that entrepreneurs are trying to avoid other resources besides personal is because they cause more headaches. Personal resources are probably the easiest to deal with. What are the key contributions of small business to the U.S. economy? Rank the benefits in terms of importance, and provide the reasons for your ranking. ~Small businesses play very important role in U.S. economy because they create new jobs, create new innovations at twice the rate of their big business counterparts, and they tend to find opportunities by offering products or services where big companies dont. What factors account for the dramatic differences in entrepreneurship rates around the world? Do you think entrepreneurship will continue to grow worldwide? Why or why not? ~Key factors that plays important role in different entrepreneurship rates around the world are national per capita income, entrepreneurs opportunity costs, and how much cultural and political environment supports entrepreneurs. Chapter Eleven Marketing: Building Profitable Connections with Your Customer Review Questions How does the American Marketing Association define marketing? How can marketers deliver value to their customers over the long term? ~The American Association defines marketing as an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. ~In order to deliver value to customers over the long term marketers must to fill customers need and in the way exceed customers expectations. What are the four different kinds of utility that marketers can provide? Give an example (not from the book) of a product that delivers each type of utility. ~Form utility: iPhone ~Time utility: Walgreens 24/7 ~Place utility: Cafeteria on campus ~Ownership utility: Laptop What are the key categories of non-traditional marketing? Do you expect these areas to grow over the next decade? Why or why not? ~People, place, event, and idea marketing. ~I think that these areas will grow over decade because peoples interests change with each generation. Technology also changes and grows. How has marketing evolved over time? How have current events, economics, and culture influenced thinking about marketing? ~Marketing developed through different phases: production era, selling era, marketing era, and relationship era. ~During marketing era concept of marketing was born and now its growing more and more. Now, customer satisfactions became centerpiece of marketing. What are the key characteristics of a high potential target market? Is the biggest target market always the best? Why or why not? ~Size: need to have enough people to support business. ~Profitability: willingness of a customer to pay more than the cost of producing product. ~Accessibility: target needs to be reachable ~Limited competition: look for markets with limited competition ~I think that bigger market is always good because there are more people to support business and bring more profit to the company. Company can also use that money to build bigger target market by creating new products. What are the different ways to segment a consumer market? Does it make sense to use more than one segmentation variable? Why or why not? ~Demographic: dividing market based on peoples age, income, ethnicity, and gender. ~Geographic: dividing market into smaller groups depending where costumers live. ~Psychographic: dividing by groups based on costumer interests, values, attitudes, and lifestyles. ~Behavioral: dividing into groups based on how people react to the products ~It does make sense to use more than one segmentation, for example, demographic and psychographic. Describe the four elements of the marketing mix. What role does each element play in delivering value to customers? ~Product strategy: creating name, product image, package design, customer service, guarantees, new product development, and much more. ~Pricing strategy: price must be fair ~Distribution strategy: delivering a product to the right people, in the right quantities, at the right time and place. ~Promotion strategy: find effective way to promote product. ~All of these four elements play very important role in delivering value to customer. What are the five key dimensions of the marketing environment? How can marketers stay abreast of changes in each area? ~Competitive, economic, social/cultural, technological, political/legal. ~To stay on top of the things marketers must monitor each element of marketing environment and respond quickly and efficiently to change. Outline the steps in the consumer decision-making process. How can the marketer influence each step? ~Recognition: recognize need Information Search: previous experience with brands, family, friends Evaluation of Alternatives: price, quality Purchase decision: buys item because it was on sale and return policy is great Post purchase behavior: satisfied or not ~Marketer can influence each step by learning cultural, social, personal, and psychological life of customers. What are the key differences between primary and secondary data? Compare the benefits and drawbacks of each. ~Secondary data is existing data that marketers gather or purchase for a research project. Primary data is new data that marketers gather for a specific research project. ~Secondary data: Advantages- low cost Disadvantages- may not meet specific need, outdated, available to competitors ~Primary data: Advantages-customized to meet specific need, fresh and new, not available to anyone Disadvantages-more expensive Chapter Twelve Product Strategy: Delivering More Value Review Questions Review the marketing definition of product. Why do you think marketers define product so broadly? How does the definition of product affect quality? ~Product is anything that company offers to satisfy customers needs and wants; including both goods and services. ~I think marketers define product so broadly because it is made for one purpose only- to satisfy customer, whether its a good or service. So, when consumer buys a product he or she buys attributes associated with the product. ~If a product satisfies customer its good quality for that customer and if customer dissatisfied by product than its bad quality for him or her. Think of three different services that you use on a regular basis (e.g. a restaurant, a dental office). How does the service provider suggest in advance that the service will be high quality? ~Restaurant: advertisement, friendly staff ~Hair stylist: nicely designed salon, professional look ~Dental office: friendly and helpful staff Pure Goods Pure ServiceDraw a goods and services spectrum, and determine where to place the following products along the spectrum: a nightclub, a new motorcycle, a designer shoe store, an Internet search engine, a new snowboard, and a photography class. What are the reasons for your choices? new motorcycle designer shoe store internet search engine new snowboard night club photography class ~New motorcycle and snowboard are pure goods. ~Designer shoe store and night club are service with goods. ~Internet search engine and photography class are pure service. What are the marketing benefits of identifying the actual product, the core product, and the augmented product? ~Actual product: the actual product itself and its uniqueness ~Core product: satisfies customers needs ~Augmented product: additional good or service to sharpen competitive edge (warrantees, manuals, etc.) List five examples of products that are commonly purchased as either business products or consumer products. How would the classification impact the marketing strategy? ~Computer, phone, table, truck, cleaning service ~Consumer products purchased for personal use and business products purchased to produce another product or service. ~Consumer classifications are convenience product, shopping products, specialty, products, and unsought products. ~Business product classification are installations; accessory equipment; maintenance, repair, and operating products; raw materials; components and processed materials; and business services. Why are product line and product mix decisions so important? What are the risks of making poor decisions regarding these factors? ~Product line and product mix are very important if company wants to make good profit by making customer happy. ~Poor decision regarding these factors might cause company to loose its profits. Would it ever make sense for a firm to offer a new product line that they know would cannibalize an existing line? Explain your answer. ~I dont think it make any sense, especially if company knows that that new product line will cannibalize existing line why even create it. Company can loose a lot of money. Think of one of your favorite brand names. Does the brand name fit the characteristics of an excellent name? Do you think it matters? Why or why not? ~100% Pure. Yes, I think brand name fits characteristics of an excellent name because its short and easy to remember. ~I do not think its a must for a company to fit characteristics of an excellent name because another company I really like called Dr. Hauschka. The name is hard to pronounce and hard to memorize but I love Dr. Hauschka products. What are the three different levels of product innovation? Which is most common? Can a business survive long term with only continuous innovation? Why or why not? ~Discontinuous Innovation, dynamically continuous innovation, continuous innovation. ~I think that most common are continuous innovation and dynamically continuous innovation. ~I think it is possible to survive long term with only continuous innovation because the goal of it to create product better than competitor. For example, Lifeway kefir company its getting better and better adding more products different flavors and so on. What are the four stages of the product life cycle? How does product life cycle stage impact marketing strategy? ~Introduction, Growth, Maturity, Decline ~Life cycle help marketers plan effective strategies for existing products and identify profitable categories for new products. Chapter Thirteen Distribution and Pricing: Right Product, Right Person, Right Place, Right Price Review Questions Explain the difference between channel of distribution and physical distribution. ~Channel distribution is the path that a product takes from the producer to the consumer, while physical distribution is the actual movement of products that path. Explain the role of channel intermediaries in the product distribution process. Why is their role important? ~Channel intermediaries are distribution organizations that help to move products from factories to the consumers. How do intermediaries add value to the products they distribute? Find an example of a distributor that adds each of the six types of utility. ~They add value by reducing the number of transactions and the associated costs required for goods to flow from producer to consumer. Distributors also can add form, time, place, ownership, information, and service utilities. ~Wal-Mart What is the key difference between merchant wholesalers and agents/brokers? What are the risks and benefits of each approach for producers? ~Merchant wholesalers take legal title to the goods they distribute and reduce the risk for producer that the products might be damaged or stolen. Disadvantage for producers is that marketing strategies and pricing belong to wholesaler. ~ Agents and brokers dont take legal ownership of the goods they distribute. Since agents and brokers dont have legal ownership of goods, producers at higher risk, but they have more control over the product. Do you think that the shoppertainment approach to retailing will continue to grow? Why or why not? ~Yes, I defiantly think that shopping and entertainment approach to retailing will continue to grow because its more fun for people to go to places where they can have fun or their kids. Even if prices are going to go up, people will still to come to such places. Even I want to go to places like Hershey Chocolate World. Explain the differences among intensive, selective, and exclusive distribution strategies. Name an example of each that isnt listed in the text. ~Intensive distribution involves placing products in as many stores as possible or stores themselves in many locations as possible.(gas stations) ~Selective distribution means placing product only in preferred stores and establishing stores in limited locations.(Home Depot) ~Exclusive distribution means establish one retail outlet in a given area.(Ikea) Who benefits most from collaborative supply chain relationships? Explain your answer. ~Companies that specialize in helping other companies manage the supply chain. Many companies turned to supply chain to build a competitive edge but due to complication many firms choose to outsource challenge to experts. Why is price such a difficult variable for marketers to control? What factors must they consider in setting prices? ~Price is hard for marketers to control because people have limited amount of money, so they cant set high prices. The prices have to be as low as possible so that people would be willing to buy, but at the same time marketers, when determining the final price, must consider their costs, competitors, investors, taxes, and product strategies. ~Building profitability, boosting volume, matching the competition, creating prestige Driving volume is a key pricing objective for many businesses. Find an example of a marketer that uses each of the volume oriented pricing strategies. Do you think this approach is effective? Why or why not? ~I dont know any marketer that uses each of the volume oriented pricing strategies. I do not think that this approach would be effective. How does a breakeven analysis help marketers determine the best price for their products? What other factors should be considered? Why? ~Its a process that helps determine the number of units company must sell to cover all costs. ~At breakeven point company doesnt make any profit so, breakeven analysis helps marketers get a sense where are they standing. So, to make a profit company needs consider factors: raise prices, decrease variable costs, decrease fixed costs. Chapter Fourteen Marketing Promotion: Delivering High-Impact Messages Review Questions How has marketing promotion evolved over the past decade? How has technology contributed to the changes? ~Promotion is marketing communication that influences consumers by informing, persuading, and reminding them about product. The effective promotion builds strong relationship between customers and companies, drawing customers back to the company again and again. ~Technology has empowered consumers to choose how and when they want to interact with media. Why is integrated marketing communication such a challenge for marketers? How can marketers encourage teamwork and coordination? ~Because consumers combine messages from all sources to form unified impression of a product and marketer cant control every massage consumer sees or hears about their product. ~Solid teamwork must begin from the top. Everyone who manages the marketing massage needs to have information about the customer, the product, the competition, the market, and the strategy of the organization. When all parties have access to the same data, they are more likely to be on the same page. Do you think a rational or an emotional premise works better for marketing promotion? Why? Does your answer change across product categories? Use examples to support your perspective. ~I think that both rational and emotional premise works for marketing promotion, its just depends on the product. Its more interesting when both are there and people like humor. Why are the key risks and the potential rewards of product placement in both movies and television? Do think this promotional tool will continue to grow? Why or why not? What ethical issues have emerged as marketers explore new ways of grabbing consumer attention? Use examples to support your points. Do you think that cable television advertising spending will eventually eclipse network television advertising spending? Why or why not? Given that each type of media offers strengths and drawbacks, what factors should you consider in developing a media plan for a specific product? What are the advantages and disadvantages of publicity? Is it ethical for marketers to try to influence the media? Explain your answer. What are the six stages in the selling process? What role does each stage play? Which stage do you believe is most important? Why? How can you determine the right promotional mix for a specific good or service? What key factors should you consider?